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According to Arab chroniclers, it was in AD852 that the Emir of Córdoba, Mohamed I (AD852-886), ordered a fortress to be built on the left bank of the Manzanares River, the geographical centre of the Iberian Peninsula. He named the settlement ‘Mayrit’ (‘source of water’) and in it lay the seeds of the city now known as Madrid. Traces of this flourishing Moorish town survive to this day, in a section of town wall (muralla Arabe) near the Royal Palace, as well as in the mudéjar architectural style of Madrid’s oldest church, San Nicolás de las Servitas. Mayrit (or Magerit) was a strategically important location and Christians and Arabs fought bitterly over the territory until late in the 11th century, when Alfonso VI finally settled matters by capturing the Alcázar (castle) after a three-year siege. However, it would be another 500 years before Philip II took the historic decision (in 1561) to move his capital from Valladolid to Madrid. Today, Madrid remains Spain’s financial and political core, home to the Cortes (Parliament), Senate and Royal Family, as well as the extraordinary cultural riches of the Golden Triangle – the Prado, Reina Sofía and Thyssen-Bornemisza art museums.

With a population of just over three million, Madrid is Europe’s fourth largest city – after London, Paris and Milan – and its highest capital, at 650m (2132ft) above sea level. The repression and torpor of the Franco era (1936-1975) are now all but forgotten by the Madrileños who, perhaps more than any other Spaniards, are determined to vivir a tope (live life to the full). The craving for conspicuous enjoyment, not to mention the 2800 hours of annual sunshine, turn the streets into bustling centres of public display. Madrid’s infectious and colourful fiestas punctuate the year, with each barrio (district) trying to outdo the other in its celebrations. The highlights include Reyes Magos (Feast of the Three Kings), Carnival, the religious processions of Holy Week, the San Isidro festival in May (the beginning of the bullfighting season) and Fin de Año (New Year’s Eve), when the Puerta del Sol becomes the focus for several hours of uninhibited partying. Visitors should also look out for the major cultural festivals, notably the Veranos de la Villa in summer, and the autumn Festival de Otoño, embracing film, dance, theatre and music of every description. Although Madrid’s climate is more extreme than other Spanish locations, the warm dry summers and cool winters still allow for many alfresco activities.

Although anxious to appear ‘modern’ in clothes, outlook and lifestyle, Madrileños remain fiercely traditional, clinging to their customs more noticeably than their cosmopolitan Barcelonese rivals do. Most choose to live at home until marriage, divorce remains controversial (particularly in high society) and the family surpasses everything.

While the Comunidad de Madrid (Greater Madrid) stretches over 8000 sq km (3090 sq miles), the city’s historic heart is easily explored on foot. The narrow, labyrinthine streets of the medieval quarter contrast with the grand boulevards laid out in the 18th and 19th centuries – the period when Madrid began to take on the trappings of a modern capital. Each barrio (district) has its own distinctive atmosphere – Lavapiés, Malasaña and Chueca being the oldest and the most interesting. Most visitors first get to know the central area – known as the Madrid of the Hapsburgs – roughly between the Castilian-Baroque Plaza Mayor and the Puerta del Sol, Madrid’s ‘mile zero’. It is only a short walk from here to the city’s main street, the Gran Vía, lined with shops, banks, offices, bars and cinemas. Fashionable Madrid starts with the Salamanca district and the boutiques of Calle Serrano, while the modern business quarter extends along the north–south axis known as the Paseo de la Castellana. Distinguished by its skyscrapers and impressive office blocks, this is where the multinationals have their headquarters. At the far (northern) end of the Paseo de la Castellana are the leaning towers, the Puerta de Europa (‘door of Europe’), a daring display of architecture symbolising the city’s confidence in its future. Indeed, Madrid has already launched its bid to host the 2012 Olympic Games, which would not only win the city some desirable developments and revenue but would also award Madrid the status of one of the world’s major players.

ASTURIAS from £ 21.50 per person (Other currencies) 2 Star, Tourist Class Modern Hotel This hotel is in a central location, minutes walk from Puerta Del Sol and the Gran Via. It is close to the main shopping areas, monuments and Madrid's lively night life. The nearest metro stations are Sevilla and Puerta Del Sol.This hotel offers ideal accomodation for those seeking a good location and value for money.	Television Direct dial phone Voltage 220v
TIROL from £ 23.75 per person (Other currencies) 3 Star, Superior Tourist Class Traditional Hotel This hotel is located in the central business and residential area of Arguelles. Just one step away from one of the most important department stores in Spain. It is within walking distance to the Royal Palace and Plaza de España.	Some rooms have air conditioning Some rooms have hairdryer Television Direct dial phone Voltage 220v
GRAN ATLANTA from £ 24.00 per person (Other currencies) 4 Star, First Class Modern Hotel This hotel is located in the main business and financial district of modern Madrid, near to the cultural heart of the city. The famous department store "El Cortes Ingles" is close by as well as the Picasso Museum and Castellana Avenue. The nearest underground station is Alvarado.	Air conditioning Television Satellite television Radio Direct dial phone Mini bar Hairdryer Trouser press Automatic wake-up call Voltage 220v
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